Rusted tight. Squirt on Liquid Wrench penetrating oil and let it soak into the joint for a while. Then loosen with wrenches. In severe cases, soak the nut in a bath of penetrating oil for a day.
Head of machine bolt battered so that wrench wont hold. Turn with a tooth-jawed Stillson wrench.
Head of stove bolt battered so that screwdriver wont hold. Cut new slot in head with a hacksaw.
Threads stripped, wont hold nut. If bolt cannot be replaced, smear plastic steel on threads and tighten nut. Put a dab of plastic steel on the exposed side of the nut.
Threads battered so that you cant screw on nut. Clean out threads with a small triangular metal file.