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31. Oil Furnaces
Most Canadian homes, especially older ones, are heated by oil furnaces. In Quebec and the Maritimes, residential heating is almost exclusively by oil. In the conventional oil furnace, heating is accomplished by mixing a spray of oil droplets with air and igniting it to give a flame. To get the most heat, your fuel should be burned completely. The oil-air mixture should use the minimum quantity of air that will give a "clean" flame. Smoke at the tip of the flame will cause soot deposits, and rob you of heat. HOW WELL IS YOUR FURNACE WORKING? THREE WAYS TO FIND OUT YOURSELF: The major care of your oil furnace should be left to a qualified serviceman. But there are a few points that you can look after yourself: • Look for a dirty flame. In the front of your furnace you'll find a flap covering a small hole. You can peek in here to see the flame. (Careful! If your furnace has been on for a couple of minutes the flap will be hot.) Black smoke coming from the tip of the flame is a sure sign that your burner needs adjustment. Call a serviceman. • Check for soot. When your furnace is not operating, take a flashlight and have a look inside the box. How much soot has built up? The more soot, the less efficient the furnace — and the more it's costing you to heat your home. If there's a soot build-up, arrange for an adjustment and cleaning. Even with a well-functioning burner there will be some build-up of soot during the winter. This happens when the burner switches on, before the fuel oil is properly mixed with the air. The same thing happens when the burner switches off. You can buy a "clutch coupling" or "solenoid valve" that will help to counteract this. Your serviceman will have the prices and can install either one for you. • Check the barometric damper. In the diagram of the oil-fired furnace (page 31) you'll see the barometric damper on the pipe leading from furnace to chimney. This valve bumps open and shut as the wind blows and as the furnace cuts in and out. (Occasionally mistaken for a noisy burglar!) It allows cool air to be drawn from the basement into the chimney, acting as a buffer to keep most of the warm air in the furnace. Check the damper and be sure it's swinging freely. If it sticks when you push it, clean the hinges and give them a drop of oil. When the furnace is on, check to see that it opens. If it continues to stick in any position, it means you're wasting energy and money. Call your serviceman. TWICE-A-YEAR SERVICE CAN CUT 10 PER CENT FROM YOUR HEATING BILL Both furnace and burner should be checked and cleaned twice a year — once in summer and once midway through the winter. This will save at least 10 per cent on your fuel bill. For every $400 you now pay for fuel oil, an efficient furnace-burner combination will save you at least $40. If all Canadians saved this 10 per cent, Canada would save $90 million and 7.5 million barrels of oil a year. You can see how every drop we save can swell into big savings for the country. Here are the six important checks your serviceman should carry out twice a year. Make sure he does: • Remove soot The firepot, heat exchanger and pipes should be completely cleaned. Some experts go so far as to say you should be able to see your reflection in the clean heat exchanger. Tell that to your serviceman! • Check stack temperature. The largest heat loss will be in hot gases going up the chimney. To keep this to a minimum, your serviceman should measure the temperature of the gases leaving the furnace. It should be between 300°F (148°C) and 450°F (230°C). Often this temperature is over 600°F (316°C). Much too high. It can be reduced by increasing the speed of the circulating fan. This usually requires an adjustment of the motor pulley. If this doesn't work — or if you have a hot water or steam heating system — possibly the burner is putting out too much heat for the furnace and you need a smaller oil nozzle. • Try a smaller nozzle-size. Try a nozzle-size 20 per cent smaller, or the lowest firing rate recommended for your furnace — whichever results in the greatest improvement. Your flue gas temperature will drop, furnace efficiency will increase and your comfort level should not change. If you feel cold when the furnace is operating, use a nozzle-size only 10 per cent smaller than the original. Better still, improve the insulation in your house. (See the next chapter.) • Check smoke number. Your serviceman should draw a small amount of stack gas through a smoke density measuring device. In an efficient furnace, the stack gas will be virtually free of soot. If not, the burner should be re-tuned. • Check carbon dioxide level. The amount of carbon dioxide in the stack gas will give a further measure of the furnace's thermal efficiency. Measured in this way, the best efficiency you should expect is about 80 to 85 per cent. • Check draft and adjust barometric damper. Your serviceman should check the draft or draw of air through the firebox and in the stack. The barometric damper should be adjusted if necessary. There are a number of other checks and procedures which a good serviceman will undertake. Here is a complete check-list. Ask your serviceman to check off all the items on each visit.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/energy_savings/​home_heating/​generation_of_heat/​oil_furnaces.html

32. The Ceiling Is First Priority
If you have less than that — say a 3-inch batt — you should upgrade it in one of two ways: (a) Add a further 3 inches of batt or blanket insulation.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/energy_savings/​insulation/​how_to_insulate/​the_ceiling_is_first_priority.html

33. Basement Walls
There are two ways to insulate a basement wall: inside and outside. (a) Inside insulation.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/energy_savings/​insulation/​how_to_insulate/​basement_walls.html

34. Brush Manufacture
Bamboo-handled brushes, like those used in the Orient as writing instruments, are used in ceramics in numerous ways. The bristles of these brushes are set and tied, then cemented into a section of bamboo.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/crafts/​ceramics/​brushes_and_brushstrokes_part_1/​brush_manufacture.html

35. Painting Sponges
All of these sponge techniques are recommended for investigation and practice, as ways to enlarge the enjoyment of hobby ceramics.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/crafts/​ceramics/​sponges/​painting_sponges.html

36. Techniques
Following are directions for slip sculpturing a scene, and suggestions for floral designs -just two of the many ways in which this technique can be utilized.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/crafts/​ceramics/​surface_alteration_slip_sculpturing/​techniques.html

37. Possible Finishes
Pieces with slip-sculptured scenes can be decorated in various ways, some of which are: Airbrush or sponge in the sky and water colors, using translucent underglaze colors.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/crafts/​ceramics/​surface_alteration_slip_sculpturing/​possible_finishes.html

38. Devices For Distinction
You can develop a closer relationship between material and container in several other ways. Although metal containers harmonize with all plant life, you will find that a bit of yellow acacia or statice brings out the quality of brass; brown magnolia leaves or bronze tulips add to an arrangement in copper; and silver lunaria or alba poplar leaves do the same thing for silver.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/crafts/​dried_flower_arranging/​design_for_dried_arrangements/​devices_for_distinction.html

39. Color Terms
If you cannot follow this rule, remember that balance may be achieved in verious ways. A cluster of small pale pink roses may equal one dark red chrysanthemum.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/crafts/​dried_flower_arranging/​color_in_dried_flowers_and_foliages/​color_terms.html

40. How To Paint Leaves
Some of the materials had been used for years, but they were all arranged in new ways. At Christmas, it is important to avoid overdecoration which cheapens the whole effect.
http://www.fun-home-projects.com/crafts/​dried_flower_arranging/​for_christmas_and_special_occasions/​how_to_paint_leaves.html


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